Determinantes externos de la disponibilidad de sangre / External Determinants of Blood Availability

El acceso universal a las transfusiones de sangre depende de diversos factores localizados dentro y fuera de los servicios de salud. Motivados por ser este un tema infrecuente, el trabajo tiene el objetivo de analizar desde una perspectiva multidimensional y holística los determinantes externos de la disponibilidad de sangre para las transfusiones. El desarrollo socioeconómico constituye un importante factor dinamizador porque condiciona, de cierta manera, la infraestructura del sistema sanitario e incide sobre los factores epidemiológicos, sociodemográficos y jurídicos. A su vez, estos influyen en la organización de las actividades y la complejidad de la asistencia sanitaria, factores que otorgan un sentido positivo o negativo a la disponibilidad de sangre. Tomarlos en consideración al diseñar las políticas de salud relacionadas con el uso de la sangre permite una mayor precisión en las intervenciones locales que contribuyan a mejorar la seguridad de las transfusiones(AU)

Universal access to blood transfusions depends on a number of localized factors both inside and outside health services. Motivated by being an infrequent topic, this work aims to analyze from a multidimensional and holistic perspective the external determinants of the availability of blood for transfusions. Socio-economic development is an important dynamic factor because it conditions, in a certain way, the infrastructure of the health system and affects epidemiological, sociodemographic and legal factors. In turn, these influence the organization of activities and the complexity of health care, factors that give a positive or negative meaning to the availability of blood. Taking them into consideration when designing health policies related to the use of blood allows greater precision in local interventions that contribute to improving the safety of transfusions(AU)

Analysis of the types and causes of invalid results in nucleic acid test for blood screening / 中国输血杂志

【Objective】 To analyze the reasons for the invalidity of blood nucleic acid test results, and to explore the countermeasures to reduce the invalidity of the test. 【Methods】 From 2019 to 2021, the number of tests performed in our laboratory for Cobas s201 blood nucleic acid screening system and the number of batches and tests with invalid results were counted, and the types and reasons of invalid results were analyzed. 【Results】 From 2019 to 2021, the Cobas s201 nucleic acid detection system detected a total of 5, 420 batches and 127, 950 pools, and the invalid rate of batches and pools were 1.83% and 1.97%, respectively. The types of invalid results can be summarized as improper operation, sample quality problems, invalid quality control (IQC), equipment failure and others. Among them, IQC and equipment failure were the main reasons for invalid results, accounting for 44.51% and 39.96%, respectively. IQC was mainly related to cross-contamination of samples and insufficient mixing of quality control products. Equipment failures mostly occurred in the robotic arm gripper of the nucleic acid extraction instrument and the TC module of the amplification instrument. 【Conclusion】 The laboratory should conduct quality monitoring for invalid results, and take targeted improvement measures, especially to reduce invalid results caused by invalid quality control and instrument failure.

Rendimiento del Kit de Chagas V2.0 IICS-UNA para el tamizaje de la enfermedad

En Paraguay la enfermedad de Chagas es endémica, siendo el número de personas infectadas de aproximadamente 165.000 y la población expuesta del 30% según registros del 2012. El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar el ELISA Chagas test IICS V2.0 para tamizaje de la enfermedad en muestras de donantes de sangre. Se realizó un estudio transversal de pruebas diagnósticas, para lo que se incluyeron 775 muestras de suero provenientes de dos bancos de sangre, a partir de cuyos resultados se calculó la sensibilidad, valores predictivos positivo, negativo y la curva ROC. También se determinó la concordancia y correlación entre el ELISA Chagas test IICS V2.0 y un ELISA comercial. De las 775 muestras de bancos de sangre analizadas se obtuvo una sensibilidad del 99%, especificidad de 96%, VPP 96%, VPN 99% y un índice kappa igual a 0,95 (0,93-0,97) Error Estándar (EE) 0.01 y p>00001 y el área ROC igual a 0,9835. Con respecto a la concordancia con el test comercial, el índice kappa fue de 0,926 IC95% (0,888-0,976), p=0,00001 y el coeficiente de correlación r=0,971 IC95% (0,962-0.978) p=0,0001. Las concordancias obtenidas fueron muy buenas con respecto a la serología de las muestras de banco de sangre como la comparada con el test comercial, pudiendo utilizarse el kit de Chagas IICS V2 para el tamizaje de la enfermedad.

In Paraguay, Chagas disease is endemic, with approximately 165,000 infected people and 30% of the exposed population according to 2012 records. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ELISA Chagas test IICS V2.0 for screening of the disease in blood donor samples. We carried out a cross-sectional study of diagnostic tests, including 775 serum samples from two blood banks, and then calculating sensitivity, positive and negative values and the ROC curve. We also determined the concordance and correlation between the ELISA Chagas test IICS V2.0 and commercial ELISA. In the 775 blood bank samples analyzed, the Chagas ELISA test IICS V2.0 obtained a sensitivity of 99%, specificity of 96%, PPV 96%, NPV 99% and a kappa index equal to 0.95 (0.93-0.97) Standard Error (SE) 0.01 and p>0.0001 and the ROC area equal to 0.9835. Regarding the concordance with the commercial test, the kappa index was 0.926 CI95% (0.888-0.976), p=0.00001 and the correlation coefficient r=0.971 CI95%(0.962-0.978) p=0.0001.The concordances obtained were very good with respect to the serology of the blood bank samples as compared to the commercial test, allowing the use of the Chagas IICS V2 kit for the disease screening.

Metaanálisis de la validez diagnóstica de las pruebas de tamización del virus de inmunodeficiencia humana en bancos de sangre, 2000-2020

Objetivo: Evaluar la validez diagnóstica del ensayo de inmunoabsorción ligado a enzima (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, ELISA) para el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) en bancos de sangre, con base en estudios publicados entre 2000 y 2020. Metodología: Se realizó una revisión sistemática y metaanálisis de pruebas diagnósticas, mediante un modelo de efectos aleatorios para la sensibilidad, la especificidad, el cociente de probabilidad positivo y negativo, la razón de odds (OR) diagnóstica y la curva ROC, con sus intervalos de confianza del 95 %. La heterogeneidad se evaluó con el estadístico Q(χ2) DerSimonian-Laird y el I2 de inconsistencia, y la incertidumbre, con el porcentaje de peso de cada estudio. Resultados: Se incluyeron 15 investigaciones; la ELISA de tercera generación (detección de anticuerpos) se aplicó en 2992 infectados y 4076 sanos; las de cuarta generación (determinación simultánea de antígeno-anticuerpo), en 967 infectados y 154 264 sanos; ambas presentaron sensibilidad cercana al 100 %, pero la especificidad fue mejor en los ensayos de cuarta generación (98 vs. 100 %). Para ambas tecnologías, los cocientes de probabilidad, OR diagnóstica y curva ROC evidenciaron excelente discriminación de sanos e infectados. Conclusión: Se confirmó que las ELISA de tercera y cuarta generación presentan excelente validez y utilidad diagnóstica en donantes de sangre, lo que es importante para las políticas de sangre segura y control del VIH.

Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic validity of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in blood banks, based on studies published between 2000 and 2020. Methodology: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic tests, using a random-effects model for the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratio, diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), and ROC curve, with 95% confidence intervals. Heterogeneity was assessed with the DerSimonianLaird Q(χ2) statistic and the I2 inconsistency statistic. Uncertainty was assessed using percentage study weights. Results: 15 studies were included. The third-generation ELISA (antibody detection) was applied for 2,992 infected and 4,076 healthy individuals, and the fourth-generation ELISA (simultaneous antigen-antibody detection) was used for 967 infected and 154,264 healthy individuals. Both showed close to 100% sensitivity, but there was an improved specificity in the fourth-generation assays (98% vs. 100%). Both technologies' likelihood ratios, DOR, and ROC curve aptly distinguished between healthy and infected individuals. Conclusion: The third and fourth-generation ELISA were confirmed to have excellent validity and diagnostic utility in blood donors, which is important for HIV control and blood safety policies.

Objetivo: Avaliar a validade diagnóstica do ensaio de imunoabsorção ligado à enzima (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, ELISA) para o vírus de imunodeficiência humana (VIH) em bancos de sangue, com base em estudos publicados entre 2000 e 2020. Medotologia: Realizou-se uma revisão sistemática e meta-análise de provas diagnósticas, por meio de um modelo de efeitos aleatórios para a sensibilidade, a especificidade, o cociente de probabilidade positivo e negativo, a razão de odds (OR) diagnóstica e a curva de ROC, com seus intervalos de confiança do 95%. A heterogeneidade foi avaliada com o estatístico Q(χ2) DerSimonian-Laird e o I2 de inconsistência, e a incerteza, com a porcentagem de peso de cada estudo. Resultados: Foram incluídas 15 pesquisas; a ELISA de terceira geração (detecção de anticorpos) aplicouse em 2992 infetados e 4076 sadios; as de quarta geração (determinação simultânea de antígeno-anticorpos), em 967 infetados e sadios; ambas as duas apresentaram sensibilidade próxima ao 100%, mas a especificidade foi melhor nos ensaios de quarta geração (98 vs. 100%). Para ambas as tecnologias, os cocientes de probabilidade, OR diagnóstica e curva ROC evidenciaram excelente discriminação de sadios e infetados. Conclusão: Confirmou-se que as ELISA de terceira e quarta geração apresentam excelente validade e utilidade diagnóstica em doadores de sangue, o que é importante para as políticas de sangue seguro e controle do VIH.

Seropositivity of COVID-19 Among Healthy Voluntary Blood Donors and Its Association with Blood Groups: A Reflection of Burden of Asymptomatic COVID-19 Cases in The District of South Gujarat

Introduction: First case of COVID-19 in the district was reported on 19th March 2020, thereby increas-ing exponentially, presenting with various symptoms to having few or no symptoms, posing challenge to prevent disease transmission by being a significant source of infection. This study conducted to assess relationship between COVID-19 infection within blood groups and burden of reported cases in the dis-trict to seropositivity among donors. Methodology: This is a prospective observational study from second largest blood bank of south Guja-rat, catering to a population of seven million, 4916 donors from the month of August 2020 to May 2021 participated in the study. Observations: Seropositivity was found to be 54.6%, with higher prevalence (68.63%) among female compared to male (54.45%), there was no statistical difference among age groups & RH groups, blood group AB was found to have highest seropositivity followed by A, B and O group. First time donors sero-positivity was higher compared to frequent donors among the study participants. Seropositivity among donors was positively corelated with RTPCR Positivity rate reported in the district. Conclusions: Looking at similar trend of active surveillance and its correlation to blood bank positivity, we urge policy makers to strengthen hospital-based surveillance for real time insights.

Analysis of Donor Deferral in a Tertiary Health Institution in South-Western Nigeria

Aim:This study aimed at evaluating the deferral pattern among blood donors, in order to draw out lessons that will help canvass for a strengthened policy framework and encourage better outcomes in voluntary blood donation. Study Design:This was a retrospective study. Place and Duration of Study:All the data were sourced from the central database of donors, as recorded by the Haematology Department of Babcock University Teaching Hospital Ilisan-Remo, Ogun state, Nigeria. The data used spanned through a period of 5 years, from 2017 to 2021. Methodology:A total of 7,362voluntary and non-remunerated blood donors were included in this study. Their records were accessed and used for the study. Data were analysed using SPSS version 25. The level of statisticalsignificance was set at P < 0.05.Results:In this study, half (50.2%) of the entire population of volunteers were between the ages of 18 and 30 years while only 3.7% of them were between 51 and 60 years of age. There were more male volunteers for blood donation compared to the females who only represented 10.8% of the population. 61% of the voluntary donorswere accepted for blood donation while 39% were regarded as unfit and hence, deferred. The 3 main reasons for deferral in this study were inadequate hemoglobin (54.7% of deferral cases), unmatched blood group (30.9%) and transfusion transmissible infections (14.4%). Age and gender had a statistically significant (P < 0.05) relationship with the pattern of deferral of the volunteers. Conclusion:The high deferral rate observed in this study may reveal an urgent need for a community-based intervention and targeted efforts by necessary agencies to help improve the general health status of possible future voluntary blood donors.

Evaluation of Causes and Rate of Wastage of Blood and its Components – An Important Quality Indicator in Blood Banks.

Background: The evaluation of wastage of blood products represents an important element in the appropriate use of blood components, a critical control point in the system of blood administration. Discarding or wastage of blood can be attributed to several reasons namely time expiry, wasted import, non-usage of ordered blood, broken bags and seal with leakage, hemolytic reasons, clotted blood, returned after 30 min, and miscellaneous others.Wasting of blood and blood components are an inefficient use of resources and may be avoided. The present study was undertaken with aim of primarily to determine the frequency of blood products wasting and secondarily to determine the factors that affect blood products wastage at our institute. Methods: The present study is a retrospective cross sectional descriptive study conducted in a tertiary teaching hospital located in South Delhi catering to low socioeconomic population. Blood component wastage was defined as components that did not meet the required standards of hospitals or fractionation centres during collection, processing and storage. The main reasons included expiry date, inappropriate volume, haemolysis of red blood cells (RBCs), contamination of plasma or platelets with RBCs, blood bag leakage, reactive infectious disease tests and inappropriate temperature during storage or transportation. The required data from clinical units and blood bank were collected and analyzed for a period of 7 years. Results: A total of 13728 blood units were received during the specified period. Overall wasted factor was of 18.5% with maximum wastage of platelet concentrate units (53.7%). Analyzing the causes of blood and blood product wastage in the hospital for this study showed that blood and blood product wastage were associated with many causes of which the common causes, included the expiration of the usability period (69.2%), sero-reactivity for infectious diseases (13.7%) and Quality Control units (9.2%). Conclusion: Blood is an irreplaceable precious resource which needs to be properly utilized with minimal wastage. Although present study was limited due to its retrospective nature but it still outlines the importance to emphasize that measures should be taken into account for formulating guidelines, effective policies, and training efforts for personnel.

Metaanálisis de la validez del inmunodiagnóstico del virus linfotrópico de células T humanas i/ii en bancos de sangre, 2000-2018 / Meta-analysis regarding the validity of the immunodiagnosis of human T-cell lymphotropic virus I/II in blood banks, 2000-2018 / Meta-análise da validade do imunodiagnóstico do vírus linfotrópico de células t humanas I/II em bancos de sangue, 2000-2018

Resumen Objetivo: Evaluar la validez del inmunodiagnóstico del htlv i/ii en bancos de sangre, con base en estudios publicados en la literatura científica. Metodología: Se efectuó un metaanálisis de pruebas diagnósticas siguiendo la guía prisma y las recomendaciones de Cochrane. Se evaluó la calidad metodológica con quadas y se garantizó la reproducibilidad y la exhaustividad. Se realizó también un análisis de efectos aleatorios para la sensibilidad, la especificidad, los cocientes de probabilidad, la razón de momios diagnóstica y la curva característica operativa del receptor (roc) con sus intervalos de confianza (ic) del 95 %. Resultados: Se tamizaron 4604 estudios, de los cuales solo tres cumplieron el protocolo. Se evaluaron 548 infectados con htlv i/ii y 6643 sanos. El inmunodiagnóstico de htlv i/ii presentó una sensibilidad del 99 % (ic95 % = 98,0-99,0), especificidad del 100 % (ic95 % = 99,9-100), cocientes de probabilidad positivo de 315,8 (ic95 % = 128,2-778,5) y negativo de 0,02 (ic95 % = 0,01-0,04), razón de momios diagnóstica de 24373 (ic95 % = 6864-86545) y área bajo la curva roc del 99,9 %. Conclusión: Se dispone de pocos estudios en este campo del inmunodiagnóstico htlv i/ii. El elevado número de sujetos analizados evidenció alta validez del inmunodiagnóstico, lo que resulta determinante para garantizar la inocuidad de las unidades de sangre, la detección de portadores asintomáticos, la disminución de la transmisión y el inicio de tratamiento.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the validity of the immunodiagnosis of htlv i/ii in blood banks, based on studies published in the scientific literature. Methodology: A meta-analysis of diagnostic tests was carried out following the PRISMA guidelines and Cochrane recommendations. The methodological quality was evaluated with QUADAS, and reproducibility and completeness were guaranteed. A random effects analysis was also performed with respect to sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratios, diagnostic odds ratio, and receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) with their 95 % confidence intervals (CI). Results: 4,604 studies were screened, of which only three complied with the protocol. 548 subjects infected with HTLV I/II and 6,643 healthy subjects were evaluated. The immunodiagnosis of HTLV I/II had a sensitivity of 99 % (95 % CI = 98.0-99.0), a specificity of 100 % (95 % CI = 99.9-100), a positive likelihood ratio of 315.8 (95 % CI = 128.2-778.5) and a negative likelihood ratio of 0.02 (95 % CI = 0.01-0.04), a diagnostic odds ratio of 24,373 (95 % CI = 6,864-86,545), and an area under the ROC curve of 99.9 %. Conclusion: Few studies are available in the field of HTLV I/II immunodiagnosis. The high number of subjects analyzed showed high validity of the immunodiagnosis, which is decisive to guarantee the safety of the blood units, the detection of asymptomatic carriers, the decrease in transmission, and the start of treatment.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar a validade do imunodiagnóstico do HTLV I/II nos bancos de sangue, baseados nos estudos publicados na literatura científica. Metodologia: Foi realizada uma meta-análise de testes diagnósticos seguindo a guia PRISMA e as recomendações de Cochrane. Foi avaliada a qualidade metodológica com QUADAS e garantiu-se a reprodutibilidade e a integridade. Realizou-se também uma análise de efeitos aleatórios para a sensibilidade, a especificidade, os quocientes de probabilidade, a razão de probabilidade diagnóstica e a Curva Característica de Operação do Receptor (Curva ROC) com seus Intervalos de Confiança (IC) de 95%. Resultados: Foram selecionados 4604 estudos, dos quais somente 3 cumpriram com o protocolo. Foram avaliados 548 infectados com o vírus HTLV I/II e 6.643 saudáveis. O imunodiagnóstico de HTLV I/II apresentou uma sensibilidade de 99% (IC95% = 98,0-99,0), especificidade de 100% (IC95%= 99,9-100), quocientes de probalidade positiva de 315,8 (IC95% = 128,2-778,5) e negativo de 0,02 (IC95% = 0,01-0,04), razão de probabilidade diagnóstica de 24373 (IC95% = 6864-86545) e área sob a curva ROC de 99,9%. Conclusão: São poucos os estudos disponíveis neste campo do imunodiagnóstico HTLV I/II. O elevado número de pessoas analisadas evidenciou alta validade do imunodiagnóstico, o que é decisivo para garantir a inocuidade das unidades de sangue, a detecção de portadores assintomáticos, a diminuição da transmissão e o início do tratamento.

Células madre mesenquimatosas y sus diferentes usos / Mesenchymal stem cells and their different uses

Introducción: las células madre mesenquimatosas (CMM) se diferencian de diversos tipos celulares para la regeneración de tejidos, esta característica sumada con la versatilidad del antígeno leucocitario humano (HLA) representan una eficaz alternativa para el tratamiento de enfermedades con tejidos deteriorados. Se pueden obtener a partir de médula ósea, cordón umbilical (CU) y sangre fetal. Objetivo: analizar los tipos de diferenciación de las CMM, sus métodos de extracción y su relación con bancos de sangre de cordón umbilical (BSCU), a fin de demostrar la eficacia de las CMM, en patologías que impliquen alteración de algún tejido u órgano. Metodología: se revisaron varias publicaciones en español e inglés en Pubmed, Clinicalkey y Science Direct; desde 2013 hasta 2020. Se usaron los términos sangre fetal, células madre mesenquimatosas, trasplante de Células Madre de Sangre del Cordón Umbilical y bancos de sangre. Con dicha información se redactó un panorama amplio sobre las células mesenquimales y como estas participan en diversas áreas de la salud, con un énfasis importante en sus usos terapéuticos y lo referente a de donde provienen. Conclusión: a través de la pluripotencialidad de las CMM, se han podido emplear en múltiples patologías pues reestablece tejidos o líneas celulares exitosamente. Así mismo, los recursos para su obtención son claves en la tolerancia de los pacientes, por lo cual una gran opción para su obtención es el CU, que actualmente cuenta con bancos exclusivos para esto. (AU)

Introduction: mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) differentiate into multiple cell types for tissue regeneration, this characteristic added with the versatility of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) represent an effective alternative for the treatment of diseases with damaged tissues. They can be obtained from bone marrow, umbilical cord (UC), and fetal blood. Objetive: analyze the types of differentiation of MSC, their extraction methods and their relationship with umbilical cord blood banks (UCBB), in order to demonstrate the efficacy of MSC, in pathologies that involve alteration of a tissue or organ. Methodology: several publications in Spanish and English in Pubmed, Clinicalkey and Science Direct were reviewed; from 2013 to 2020. The terms fetal blood, mesenchymal stem cells, Umbilical Cord Blood Stem Cell transplantation and blood banks were used. With this information, a broad overview of mesenchymal cells and how they participate in various areas of health was drawn up, with an important emphasis on their therapeutic uses and where they come from. Conclusion: through the pluripotentiality of MSC, they have been used in multiple pathologies as it successfully re-establishes tissues or cell lines. Also, the resources for obtaining it are key in the tolerance of patients, which is why a great option for obtaining it is the UC, which currently has exclusive banks for this.

Redução de doações de sangue: a importância da doação de campanha em Goiânia, Estado de Goiás, Brasil / Reduction in blood donations: the importance of campaing donation in Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil

Analisar as tendências das doações de sangue no Hemocentro do Estado de Goiás (HEMOGO), Brasil, considerando as campanhas de incentivo e as infecções transmissíveis por transfusão. Estudo retrospectivo das doações de sangue entre 2010-2016. Os doadores foram agrupados em categorias autóloga, voluntária, de reposição e de campanha. Houve 149.983 doações com redução de 29% (p <0,05). As doações por homens, com idade entre 18 e 29 anos e com menor escolaridade diminuíram (p <0,05) ao longo do tempo. Quase 50% das doações eram da categoria voluntária, 30% de campanha, 18% de reposição e 1% de outras categorias. As doações da campanha diminuíram 5,02% (p <0,05) entre 2010 a 2016. A prevalência de infecções transmitidas por transfusão (ITT) foi de 3,71% e a chance de doadores de campanha terem ITT foi menor (OR = 0,8628; IC: 0,8126 - 0,9161; p <0,0001). Os resultados mostraram uma redução nas doações de sangue, influenciadas principalmente por uma diminuição nas doações da campanha.

To analyze the trends of blood donations in a public blood center of Goias, Brazil (HEMOGO ­ Hemocentro do Estado de Goiás), considering incentive campaigns and transfusion transmissible infection. Retrospective study of the blood donations between 2010-2016. Donors were grouped into autologous, voluntary, replacement and campaign categories. There were 149,983 donations with a reduction of 29% (p<0.05) in the investigated period. Donations by males, aging between 18 and 29 years old, and those with a lower level of education decreased (p<0.05) over time. Almost 50% of donations were from the voluntary category, 30% from campaing, 18% from replacement and 1% from other categories. The campaign donations decreased 5.02% (p<0.05) during the 2010 to 2016. The prevalence of transfusion-transmitted infections (TTI) was 3.71% and the chance of campaign donors having TTI was lower (OR = 0.8628; CI: 0.8126 - 0.9161; p<0.0001). The results showed a significant reduction in the number of blood donations mainly influenced by a decrease in campaign donations.

Fairness of blood bank resources allocation in China / 中国输血杂志

【Objective】 To study the fairness of blood bank resources allocation in China, aimed at providing references for reasonable allocation of blood bank resources. 【Methods】 A questionnaire survey was conducted among 32 provincial blood centers and 321 regional central blood banks across China in August 1~25, 2018. Resource allocation of blood banks in China was analyzed using descriptive methods, and the fairness of resource allocation were analyzed using Lorenz curve, Gini coefficient and Theil index. 【Results】 Blood bank resources and services showed an overall upward trend from 2013 to 2017. The fairness of institutional coverage was optimal in 2017 according to the Lorenz curve and Gini coefficient, suggesting the allocation of blood bank resources according to the population was better than geographic area. The fairness of health technicians staffing was the worst from the perspective of geographic area. The total Theil index was 0.448 5~0.526 7, and the differences was contributed more by intra group comparison than that of inter group. 【Conclusion】 The unbalanced development underlying in the provincial and regional blood centers has been observed, and the service capacity needs to be further improved. The resource allocation varies greatly among regions, and it is recommended to optimize the regional planning of blood bank resources.

Unqualified rate of anti-HIV detection in the laboratories from blood banks in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region / 中国输血杂志

【Objective】 To investigate the unqualified rate of anti-HIV detection of blood screening laboratories in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, and explore the differences in anti-HIV detection ability and influencing factors in each laboratory. 【Methods】 Through filling questionnaires via e-mail, the anti-HIV ELISA unqualified rate and confirmed (WB) positive results (data) from January to December 2018 from 15 blood screening laboratories in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region were collected. Our laboratory was responsible for data collection and confirmation, and statistics software SPSS22.0 was used for analysis. 【Results】 1) There was a statistically significant difference among the unqualified rate of anti-HIV ELISA(6.77‱~35.71‱) and confirmed positive rate(0.60‱~3.56‱) in 15 blood screening laboratories in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region (P<0.05); 2) There were significant differencse among the ELISA unqualified rate and the confirmed positive rate of 8 reagents for anti-HIV detection(P<0.01), and the sensitivity of the 4th generation detection reagent and the imported reagent was higher than that of the 3rd generation reagent and the domestic reagent. The anti-HIV ELISA unqualified rate of R5 was the highest (19.08‱). 3)There were significant differences in the anti-HIV ELISA unqualified rate of R1, R2, R3, R5 and R7 reagents among different blood station laboratories(P<0.05), and there were no significant differences in the anti-HIV ELISA unqualified rate of R4, R6 and R8 reagents among different blood station laboratories(P>0.05). 4)The unqualified rate of anti-HIV ELISA of laboratories using different regents showed significant differences(P<0.05), except H, J, M. The unqualified rate of imported reagent was significantly higher than that of domestic reagents of laboratories using imported and domestic reagents combinations(P<0.05), except O. 62.5% (5/8) laboratories using domestic 3rd and 4th generation reagent combination showed significant differences in the unqualified rates among different reagents(P<0.05); 5) The positive rate of single-reagent(62.02%~95.45%)in 15 blood screening laboratories showed significant difference(P<0.001), and A was the lowest (62.02%). 【Conclusion】 The anti-HIV detection ability among 15 blood screening laboratories in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region is quite different. The application of different reagents is the main factor for the difference, and other factors such as personnel, instruments and test strategies also has a great impact on the detection of anti-HIV. It is still necessary to promote the process of homogenization of blood testing quality among blood screening laboratories in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region.

Occupational exposure of blood bank staff: Cause analysis and risk prevention / 中国输血杂志

【Objective】 To explore the causes of occupational exposure, so as to prevent occupational exposure that endangering the physical and mental health of staff in blood centers. 【Methods】 Occupational exposure cases reported from May 1, 2014 to April 30, 2020 by Taizhou Blood Center were classified and analyzed in terms of the exposure mode, body parts, post distribution, seniority of operators and whether the operation was carried out as required. 【Results】 From May 1, 2014 to December 31, 2020, 23 cases of occupational exposure (6.66/100000) occurred in Taizhou Blood Center, and the incidence rate was roughly the same in each year. Among the occupational exposure modes, sharp device puncture, wound exposure and mucosal exposure accounted for 65.2% (15/23), 17.4% (4/23) and 17.4% (4/23), respectively. The exposed sites of body were mainly fingers, followed by eyes and mouth. The incidence of occupational exposure of phlebotomist post accounted for 65.2% (15/23), followed by apheresis platelet collection, component preparation and preliminary screening post [21.7% (5/23), 8.7% (2/23) and 4.3% (1/23), respectively, P<0.05]. The incidence of occupational exposure of new staff rotated within one year was 43.5% (10/23), followed by fixed-point staff within 1-5 years and over 5 years [34.8% (8/23) and 21.7% (5/23), respectively], P<0.05. 56.5% (13/23) of occupational exposure was due to employees′ failure to obey the operate as required. 【Conclusion】 Where there is needle contact there is exposure risk. the newer staff are more likely to suffer occupational exposure, and most exposure are caused by non-compliance with the regulations. The establishment of various preventive measures can effectively reduce the incidence of occupational exposure in blood banks and ensure occupational safety.

Motivos de diferimiento de potenciales donantes de un banco de sangre de medellín-colombia, 2012-2018

Introducción: en Colombia no se dispone de investigaciones sobre las causas de diferimiento de potenciales donantes de sangre. Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia de los motivos de diferimiento de donantes de un banco de sangre en Medellín, Colombia. Métodos: estudio transversal con 43.002 sujetos en quienes se estimó la prevalencia general de diferimientos y las específicas por sexo y edad. Para cada motivo de diferimiento se estimaron razones de odds crudas y ajustadas mediante modelos de regresión logística. Resultados: los principales motivos de diferimiento fueron el riesgo del compañero sexual (25,2 %), hemoglobina inadecuada (15,2 %) y procedencia de zonas endémicas de malaria o Chagas (8,2 %), la menor prevalencia se registró en la exposición o reactividad a infecciones trasmisibles por transfusión. En las mujeres la mayor prevalencia fue baja hemoglobina, reactividad en pruebas inmunohematológicas, riesgo con elementos cortopunzantes y tratamientos contraindicados para donar, y en los hombres fueron las enfermedades de base, reactividad en marcadores de infección del banco y riesgo sexual. Conclusión: El banco presentó una alta prevalencia de diferimientos por el comportamiento sexual y la hemoglobina, con diferencias estadísticas según la edad y el sexo. Esto constituye una evidencia relevante para mejorar procesos de captación, campañas educativas y acciones de salud pública, prevención y vigilancia epidemiológica de los diferimientos más prevalentes para garantizar un suministro suficiente de sangre.

Introduction: In Colombia, there is no research on the causes of blood donor deferral. Objective: To determine the prevalence of the reasons for donor deferral of a blood bank in Medellín, Colombia. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study with 43,002 subjects to estimate the general and sex-/age-specific prevalence of deferrals. For each deferral reason, crude and adjusted odds ratios were calculated using logistic regression models. Results: The main reasons for deferral were the risk of the sexual partner (25.2 %), inadequate hemoglobin (15.2 %), and origin from endemic areas of malaria or Chagas (8.2 %); the lowest prevalence was reported in exposure or reactivity to transfusion-transmissible infections. In women, the highest prevalence was low hemoglobin, reactivity in immunohaematological tests, the risk of sharps, and contraindicated treatments for donating, and in men, underlying diseases, reactivity in bank infection markers, and sexual risk. Conclusion: The bank had a high prevalence of sexual behavior and hemoglobin deferrals, with statistical differences in age and sex. The preceding constitutes relevant evidence to improve recruitment processes, educational campaigns and public health actions, epidemiological prevention, and surveillance of the most prevalent deferrals to ensure sufficient blood supply.

Profile of blood donations with a positive serology in Southern Brazil

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study was to describe the characteristics of blood donors and the serological profile of the blood donations at the blood bank of the University Hospital Polydoro Ernani de São Thiago of the Federal University of Santa Catarina from January 2011 to December 2016. Methods: The characteristics of donors and the serological results of the donated blood were compiled from databases. Only donations with a negative serology or a positive serology confirmed by second-sample testing were included in the study. Results: A total of 14,368 donations were included in the study, of which 118 (0.8%) had a confirmed positive serology. Of the total donations, 94.3% were from spontaneous donations and 5.7% from replacement donation. Donations were predominantly from men (54.1%), individuals aged 18 to 29 years (69.1%), and repeat donors (47.7%). Detection rates were higher for HBV (0.63%), followed by syphilis (0.13%), HIV (0.05%), HCV (0.02%), and Chagas disease (0.01%). With the exception of HIV, positive results were more frequent in the older age groups. Positive results for HBV, HCV, and HIV were more frequent among first-time donors. Replacement donations were more likely to have HBV (OR 7.7; 95% CI 4.9-12.1, p < 0.0001) and HIV (OR 6.7; 95% CI 1.3-34.7; p = 0.02) than spontaneous donations. Conclusion: This study showed that the frequency of infections in blood donations at the HU-UFSC blood bank was lower than the national estimates and that our population may have a greater prevalence of syphilis among older donors

Seroprevalence of transfusion transmitted infections in voluntary and replacement blood donors in a tertiary care hospital blood bank of Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India: 5 years retrospective study

Background: Critical part of transfusion is effective screening of TTI, to reduce the risk of transmission is as safe as possible. The present study has undertaken to focus on seroprevalence of TTIs among both voluntary and replacement donors and also to project epidemiological data of TTIs in this community.Methods: This is a retrospective study conducted from January 2014 to December 2018. All blood samples collected from donors were screened for HIV, HBV, HCV, Syphilis and malaria according to blood bank policy. Before drawing blood, donors were asked to fill pre structured Blood bank questionnaire and consent form.Results: In this present 5-year study, total number of blood donor population was 54937, among them voluntary donors were 33891 and replacement donors were 21046. Out of 33891 voluntary donors, 33486(98.8%) were males and remaining 405(1.19%) were females. All replacement donors (21046) were males. The seroprevalence of HBV was highest, 1.82% (1003/54937) followed by HCV 0.31% (175/54937) in all the donors. The seropositivity for HIV is 0.23% (129/54937), for syphilis 0.04% (24/54937) and for malaria 0.01% (6/54937).Conclusions: National blood transfusion policy should be strengthening the standards and quality of screening across the country. For blood screening, resources and appropriate screening assays must be available at all health centres.

Avaliação individual e correlação dos marcadores sorológicos e do teste de amplificação de ácido nucléico para o vírus da hepatite B e hepatite C na triagem de doadores de um banco de sangue de Porto Alegre, RS / Individual evaluation and correlation of serological markers and nucleic acid amplification testing for hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses in donor screening at a blood bank in Porto Alegre, southern Brazil

Introdução: A hemoterapia consiste no tratamento terapêutico através da transfusão sanguínea. Considerando à vasta quantidade de doenças infecciosas que podem ser transmitidas pelo sangue, se faz necessária a realização de exames laboratoriais de alta sensibilidade para minimizar os riscos transfusionais aos doadores e receptores. Assim, no estudo foi avaliada a prevalência de marcadores sorológicos para Hepatite B e C em um banco de sangue de Porto Alegre- RS, bem como a correlação entre a sorologia e o teste de amplificação de ácido nucléico (NAT). Métodos: Estudo quantitativo, descritivo e retrospectivo que foi realizado através da análise das informações de todos os doadores de sangue contidas em um banco de dados de um Banco de Sangue de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, nos anos de 2017 e 2018, avaliando resultados da sorologia e o teste NAT para hepatite B e Hepatite C. Resultados: Das 17.181 doações de sangue, o total de bolsas sorologicamente reagentes foi 162 (0,94%) reagentes para o Anti-HBc, 20 (0,12%) amostras foram positivas para o HbsAg e 62 (0,36%) reagentes para o Anti-HCV. Apenas 4 (0,02%) amostras foram reagentes simultaneamente para o Anti-HBC e para o HbsAg, as quais foram também positivas no teste NAT. Já o teste NAT nas amostras reagente para Hepatite C, corresponderam a 18 (0,10%). Conclusões: A evolução da biotecnologia vem auxiliando a biossegurança nas transfusões de sangue. Considerando que a implementação do teste NAT é relativamente recente nos bancos de sangue, sugere-se mais estudos com períodos diferentes de tempo para a pesquisa de resultados satisfatórios, além disso, possibilitando elucidar ainda mais os resultados voltados à segurança transfusional e a associação dos testes sorológicos e o teste NAT nos bancos de sangue. (AU)

Introduction: Hemotherapy consists of therapeutic treatment using blood transfusion. Because of the vast amount of bloodborne infectious diseases, highly sensitive laboratory tests must be conducted to minimize the transfusion risks for donors and recipients. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of hepatitis B and C serological markers in samples from a blood bank in Porto Alegre, southern Brazil, as well as the correlation between serology and nucleic acid amplification testing (NAT). Methods: A quantitative, descriptive, retrospective study was conducted to analyze blood donor information obtained from a blood bank database in Porto Alegre, southern Brazil, concerning 2017 and 2018. Serology and NAT results for hepatitis B and C were examined. Results: Of 17,181 blood donations, the total number of serologically reactive samples was 162 (0.94%) for anti-HBc, 20 (0.12%) for HbsAg, and 62 (0.36%) for anti-HCV. Only 4 (0.02%) samples were simultaneously reactive for anti-HBc and HbsAg, being also positive in NAT. The number of samples reactive to hepatitis C in NAT was 18 (0.10%). Conclusions: Biotechnological evolution has contributed to biosafety in blood transfusions. Considering that NAT is relatively recent in blood banks, further studies using different time periods are suggested for yielding satisfactory results for transfusion safety and elucidating the combination of serological testing and NAT at blood banks. (AU)

Nueva tecnología sanitaria para el desarrollo de la medicina regenerativa en Santiago de Cuba / New health technology for the development of regenerative medicine in Santiago de Cuba

En Cuba, desde en que el año 2004 se realizaron con éxito los primeros implantes de células madre hematopoyéticas adultas autólogas, se ha ido incrementando progresivamente su uso y ya se ha extendido a todo el país. En Santiago de Cuba no se disponía de un área con condiciones adecuadas para desarrollar la medicina regenerativa, lo que motivó la creación del Servicio Ambulatorio de Medicina Regenerativa (SAMERSAC) en el Banco de Sangre Provincial, donde se realiza la obtención y procesamiento de las células y la atención de los pacientes seleccionados, según los criterios de inclusión establecidos en los proyectos de investigación registrados. El SAMERSAC es un Servicio Científico Tecnológico que integra a las unidades de salud de la provincia en lo referente a líneas de investigación relacionadas con la medicina regenerativa. La creación de este nuevo servicio permitió la introducción y el inicio del desarrollo de la medicina regenerativa en Santiago de Cuba, donde se continua trabajando e investigando constantemente con la aplicación de los novedosos procedimientos que aporta esta nueva disciplina médica(AU)

In Cuba, since 2004, when the first implants of autologous adult hematopoietic stem cells were successfully performed, their use has been progressively increasing, that has already spread throughout the country. In Santiago de Cuba there was no area with adequate conditions to develop regenerative medicine, which led to the creation of the Regenerative Medicine Outpatient Service (SAMERSAC) in the Provincial Blood Bank, where it is carried out the obtaining and prosecution of the cells and the attention of the selected patients, according to the established inclusion approaches in the registered investigation projects. The SAMERSAC is a Technological Scientific Service that integrates to the units of health of the county regarding investigation lines related with the regenerative medicine. The creation of this new service allowed the introduction and the beginning of the development of the regenerative medicine in Santiago from Cuba, where you continuous working and constantly investigating with the application of the novel procedures that contributes this new discipline doctor(AU)

Reasons and Recommendations to Reduce Wastage Pattern of the Blood Component in the Newly Started Tertiary Care Center Blood Bank in East India

Introduction: In quality management system for processimprovement and better inventory management, a performancemonitoring tool is critical in the blood bank to improvequality and discard rate of blood component is one of theessential elements. This study was designed to analyse bloodcomponent discard and their reason in a newly developedinstitute and blood bank setup.Material and Methods: It was a retrospective observationalstudy from May 2018 to March 2019. During the study perioddata was captured and analysed for component preparationand discarded individually and cumulatively. Major reasonswere analysed for blood component discard.Results: Total number of blood component discard observedwere 1714 out of which 368 red cell component (21.4%);1139 Platelet component (66.4%), 210 fresh frozen plasmas(11.7%); 6 cryoprecipitate and cryo poor plasma respectively(0.6%) were discarded. Major reasons for discard of bloodcomponent were expiry, TTI reactivity, leakage, and red cellcontaminations.Conclusion: The current study reflects very high discardrate compared to other published studies and recommendthe following the necessary policies and supervision forreduction of blood component discard are need based changeand production of blood components and better inventorymanagement in new hospital based setup and followingstandard procedure for manufacturing, storage and transfer ofblood components.

Quality control in the different stages of producing red blood cell concentrate from dogs / Controle de qualidade nas diferentes etapas de produção do concentrado de hemácias em cães

The objective of this study was to perform a quality control assessment of red blood cells after standardization of the blood production stages. For this purpose, separation of the blood components to obtain red blood cells, the storage of the blood packets and an evaluation of blood quality were performed. The mean (± SD) volume, globular volume, hemoglobin and hemolysis percentage of the red blood cell concentrate were 299.77±30.08mL, 60.87±2.60%, 20.57±0.93g/DL and 0.09±0.07%, respectively. The means (± SD) of the volume, globular volume, total hemoglobin percentage of hemolysis and hemoglobin per unit of packed red blood cells after the storage period (8.83±6.73 days) were 57.55±3.01%, 20.30±0.89 0, 20±0.12%, and 60.90±7.65. The red blood cell packets were within the parameters of quality control established by Health Ministry legislation in humans and allow us to conclude that the standardization of blood production stages involves the selection of donors until the end of storage and is necessary to produce quality red blood cells. Quality control aims to find possible flaws in the procedures to be repaired, increasing transfusion safety.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar o controle de qualidade do concentrado de hemácias após a padronização das etapas de produção do sangue. Para isso, realizou-se separação de hemocomponentes para obtenção de concentrado de hemácias, armazenamento das bolsas de sangue e avaliação da qualidade delas. Os valores médios (± DP) do volume, do volume globular, da hemoglobina e do percentual de hemólise do concentrado de hemácias foram: 299,77±30,08mL, 60,87±2,60%, 20,57±0,93g/DL e 0,09±0,07%, respectivamente. Os valores médios (± DP) do volume globular, da hemoglobina total percentual de hemólise e da hemoglobina por unidade de concentrado de hemácias após o período de armazenamento (8,83±6,73 dias) foram: 57,55±3,01%, 20,30±0,89 0,20±0,12%, 60,90±7,65. As bolsas de concentrado de hemácias ficaram dentro dos parâmetros de controle de qualidade estabelecidos pela legislação do Ministério da Saúde em humanos e possibilitaram concluir que a padronização das etapas de produção do sangue envolve desde a seleção de doadores até o final do armazenamento e é necessária para produzir concentrado de hemácias com qualidade. O controle de qualidade visa encontrar possíveis falhas nos procedimentos para que estas possam ser reparadas, aumentando, assim, a segurança transfusional.(AU)